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Cardiology ACLS Protocol Cardiac Drugs Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Flutter Aortic Stenosis Atrial Septal Defects Cardiac Tamponade Cardiomyopathy CHF - Left Side CHF - Right Side HYPERTENSION Hypertensive Crisis MI RX Mitral Stenosis Noncardiac Pulm. Edema Pericardial Effusion Pericarditis PSVT SHOCK WPW Syndrome
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ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
The magnitude of the left-to right shunt through an ASD depends on the defect size, the diastolic properties of both bentricles, & the relative impedance in the pulm & systemic circulations. The left-to right shunt causes diastolic overloading of the right ventricle & increased pul blood flow. The pts are usually asymptomatic, but may develop atrial arrhythmias, pulm arterial hypertension, directional & then right -to-left shunting of blood, and cardiac failure. Cardiac exam: S1 is normal or split, S2 is widely split & fixed, midsystolic pulm. ejection murmur, middiastolic rumbling murmur, loudest at the 4th intercostal space along LSB due to increased flow across the tricuspid valve. In pts with ostium primum defects, an apical thrill & holosystolic murmur indicate assoc. mitral or tricuspid incompetence or a ventricular septal defect. With increase in the pulm vascular resistance, there is diminution of the left-to-right shunt. Both the pulm & tricuspid murmurs decrease in intensity, the pulm component of S2 & a systolic ejection sound are accentuated, the 2 components of S2 may fuse, & a diastolic murmur of pulm. incompetence appears. Cyanosis & clubbing accompany the development of a right-to-left shunt. In adult with atrial fibrillation & ASD, the physical findings may be confused with the findings of mitral stenosis with pulm hypertension because the tricuspid flow murmur & widely split S2 may be mistakenly to represent mitral stenosis diastolic murmur & mitral "opening snap".
EKG:
Echocardiogram with color Doppler flow examination:
RX:
Patent Ductus Arteriosus: In most adults with this anomaly, pulm. pressures are normal & a gradient and shunt from aorta to pulm artery persist throughout the cardiac cycle, resulting in a characteristic thrill and a continuous "machinery" murmur with a late systolic accentuation at the upper left sternal edge. In adults who were born with a large left-to-right shunt through the ductus arteriosus, pulm vasc. obstruction with pulm hypertension, right-to-left shunting, and cyanosis have usually developed. The leading causes of death in adults are cardiac failure & infective endocarditis. RX: surgical repair.
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