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Hemodynamic Data See also Acid-Base Disturbances
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Hemodynamic Data
See also
Acid-Base Disturbances
| Hemodynamic parameters | |
| Systemic arterial pressure (SAP) | 100-140/60-90 mm Hg |
| Pulse pressure (PP) = systolic SAP - diastolic SAP | 30-50 mm Hg |
| Mean SAP (MAP) = [DBP + (systolic SAP - diastolic SAP)/3] | 70-100 mm Hg |
| Right arterial pressure (RAP) | 0-6 mm Hg |
| Mean RAP | 3 mm Hg |
| Right ventricular pressure (RVP) | 17-30/0-6 mm Hg |
| Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) | 15-30/5-13 mm Hg |
| Mean PAP | 10-18 mm Hg |
| Mean pulmonary
artery occlusive pressure (PAoP) (i.e., pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [PCWP]) |
2-12 mm Hg |
| Heart rate (HR) | 60-100 beats/min |
| Body surface area (BSA) (in m2 ) = [height (cm)]0.718 × [weight (kg)]0.427 × 0.007449 | |
| Stroke volume (SV) = CO x 1,000/HR | 60-120 ml/contraction |
| SV index = SV/BSA | 40-50 ml/contraction/m2 |
| Cardiac output (CO) = SV × HR | 3-7 liters/min |
| Cardiac index = CO/BSA | 2.5-4.5 liters/min/m2 |
| Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) = (MAP - mean RAP) × 80/CO | 800-1200 dynes/sec/cm-5 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) = (mean PAP - PAoP) × 80/CO | 120-250 dynes/sec/cm-5 |
| Blood gas values | |
| pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| Arterial oxygen
tension (PaO2 )
Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2 ) Arterial oxygen content CaO2=(1.39xHgbxSaO2/100) + 0.0031xPaO2 |
75-100 mm Hg
95-100% 18-20 mL/dL |
| Arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2 ) | 35-45 mm Hg |
| Mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2 ) | 38-42 mm Hg |
| Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2 ) | 70-75% |
| Mixed venous oxygen
content CvO2 = (1.39xHgbxSvO2/100) +
0.0031xPvO2
|
14-16 mL/dL
|
| Mixed acid-base equations | |
| Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation: pH = 6.1 + log ([HCO3 - ]/0.03 PaCO2 ) |
|
| Henderson's equation
for concentration of H+ : [H+ ] (nM/liter) = 24 × (PaCO2 /[HCO3 - ]) |
|
| Metabolic
acidosis: Bicarbonate deficit (mEq/liter) = [0.5 × body weight (kg)] × (24 - [HCO3 - ]) Expected PaCO2 = 1.5 × [HCO3 - ] + 8 ± 2 |
|
| Metabolic
alkalosis: Bicarbonate excess = [0.4 × body weight (kg)] × ([HCO3 - ] - 24) Expected: PaCO2 = 0.7 × [HCO3 - ] + 21 ± 1.5 (when HCO3 < 40 mEq/liter) PaCO2 = 0.75 × [HCO3 - ] + 19 ± 7.5 (when HCO3 - >40 mEq/liter) |
|
| Respiratory
acidosis: Acute DeltapH/DeltaPaCO2 = 0.008 Chronic DeltapH/DeltaPaCO2 = 0.003 |
|
| Respiratory alkalosis: | |
| Acute
Delta pH/Delta PaCO2 = 0.008 Chronic Delta pH/Delta PaCO2 = 0.002 |
|
| Oxygen transport | |
| Arterial oxygen content (CaO2 ) = (1.39 × SaO2 × Hb) + (0.0031 PaO2 ) | 18-20 ml O2 /dl |
| Mixed venous oxygen content (CvO2 ) = (1.39 × SvO2 × Hb) + (0.0031 × PvO2 ) | 14-16 ml O2 /dl |
| Capillary oxygen content (Ccap O2 ) = (1.39 × Scap O2 × Hb) × (0.0031 × PaO2 ) (Scap O2 is assumed to be 1.00) | 21 ml O2 /dl |
| Arterial-mixed venous oxygen content difference (Ca-v O2 ) | 3.5-5.5 ml O2 /dl |
| Oxygen consumption (VO2 ) = CO × (Ca-v O2 ) | 200-250 ml/min |
| Oxygen delivery (DO2 ) = CO × CaO2 | 1000 ml/min |
| Oxygen extraction ratio = VO2 / DO2 | 22-32% |
| Fick equation: CO = 10 VO2 /[Hb × 1.39 (SaO2 - SvO2 )] | 3-7 liters/min |
| Respiratory parameters | |
| Respiratory quotient (RQ) = VCO2 / VO2 | 0.7-1.0 |
| Alveolar oxygen tension (P AO2 ) = F IO2 (Patm - PH2 O ) - PaCO2 /RQ (alveolar air equation) | |
| Alveolar-arteriolar oxygen gradient (P(A-a)O2 ) | |
| For
F IO2 = 21% For F IO2 = 100% |
5-25 mm Hg <150 mm Hg |
| Physiologic shunt (QS/QT) = (Ccap O2 )/Ccap O2 - CvO2 ) where Scap O2 is assumed to be 1.0 | <5% |
| Minute ventilation (V E) = k VCO2 /PaCO2 = (0.863 × VCO2 )/[PaCO2 (1 - V d/ V t)] | 4-6 liters/min |
| Bohr equation of dead space (V D/V T) = (P ACO2 - P expiratory CO2 )/P ACO2 | 0.2-0.3 |
| Physiologic dead space (V D/V T) = (PaCO2 - P expiratory CO2 )/PaCO2 | 0.2-0.3 |
| Respiratory system compliance (Cstatic, rs) during mechanical ventilation: | |
| Static
Crs (Cstatic, rs) = VT/(Pplateau - PEEP) Dynamic Crs (Cdynamic, rs) = VT/(Ppeak - PEEP) |
70-100 ml/cm
H2 O
* 60-100 ml/cm H2 O |
| Hb = hemoglobin; PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure. | |